Psychology curriculum

Humanistic Psychology Study

The main focus of Humanistic psychology study				these include allowing
is based on conscious consciousness, morals
				students to have a choice in the selection
and theoretical thinking. These include the				of tasks and activities
spiritual experiences and the
				whenever possible and helping them to set
beliefs that people live by. Emerging in the				realistic goals for
1950's and 1960's,
				themselves. It is important to have students
humanism is about rewarding yourself, and				participating in group
places great importance on
				work, in order to develop social and
the individual and their own individuality.				affective skills. Teachers need
Personality depends on
				to act more as facilitators in the classroom
what people believe and how they perceive				and available when
the world and a major factor
				appropriate and they need to be role models
in this learning theory is that people are				constantly working on
seen as freely exercising
				themselves to become better people. This is
choice over how to behave. They are the				often known as 'Open
architects of their own lives
				education'.The humanistic curriculum is
and 'personal agents' in their own				based on establishing productive social
psychological growth.There are many
objectives of the humanistic view of				and working relationships with others. It is
education, as				a part of everything the

described by Gage and Berliner. These				child does within the school setting. The
include a promotion of				expectations and

positive self-direction and independence,				consequences are age appropriate. Just as
the ability to take				the academic curriculum

responsibility for what is learned, an				responds to the developing cognitive skills
emphasis on student centered				of the children so too

teaching, and the development of social				does the social curriculum. It encourages
skills and respect for				growth in responsibility,

students feelings and aspirations, thus				independence and decision making. Children
allowing them the right to				are allowed and actually

self-determination. Feelings are as				encouraged to make choices and accept the
important as facts and the current				consequences for their

and future welfare of students is foremost.				actions, and mistakes are treated as
In order to develop these				opportunities for learning. The

objectives certain principles must be in				children learn to care about themselves and
place. Students will learn				others and to value the

best what they want and need to know. Self				quality of their work. By placing emphasis
directed learning increases				on the positive, a

knowledge. Rogers says that self directed				classroom environment is created whereby
learning in schools increases curiosity,				children are encouraged and
encourages students to take responsibility
for their own development and promotes				become self-reliant. They care about doing
personal and				their best and value the

academic growth. However, knowing how to				quality of their work. The emphasis is on
learn is more important than				co-operation and not

acquiring a lot of knowledge and				competition and this has a positive effect
self-evaluation is the only				on classroom behavior

meaningful judgment of a student's work. The				whilst also improving academic learning.
worth and rights of				Skills such as listening,

individuals needs to be respected and there				decision making and problem solving all need
has to be openness, honesty and				to be discussed, modeled

selflessness in order for trust to be				and practiced in order for children to be
gained.Humanistic psychology is sometimes				successful in their groups.A large commitment
referred to as the 'Third Force' in				of time is required to implement the social

psychology. As mentioned earlier, it is				curriculum. Learningsocial skills and
often said that this was a backlash against				nurturing moral growth is a developmental
the				process.

Behaviorist emphasis on scientific method,				The development of interpersonal skills is
which was seen as losing				also taught in order for

sight of the human being. Scientific method				children to recognize the feelings of others
is largely inappropriate				and deal with hurt and

for studying human experience, or at least,				misunderstanding through the use of
it does not go far enough.				language. Opportunities are

As the name suggests, Humanistic psychology				provided for children to develop and to be
focuses on the subjective				taught listening,

experience of living rather than observable				communication and leadership skills and
behavior.There are a number of theories,				opportunities are provided for
which qualify as being Humanistic, two
				teamwork. Children are assisted to become
of the best known being those of Carl Rogers				conscious of their own
and Abraham
				feelings and they are helped to develop a
Maslow. Rogers became probably the most				vocabulary with which to
influential of humanistic psychologists. He
said that human nature is basically good and				express these feelings. This then has the
that people have a natural drive towards				effect of making them become

Self-Actualization, meaning the achievement				self-confident, focused and independent.The
of their full potential.				Montessori school uses humanistic learning
				theories to teach
This is the fundamental incentive behind the
development of				pupils, promoting knowledge, beauty and
				fulfillment.Dr Maria Montessori was the
personality.To promote human welfare, Rogers				founder of these schools and many of her
maintains that people should relate
				ideas have now been adapted into
to one another with an 'unconditional				'mainstream' education. The
positive regard', which is the
				Montessori school was founded in 1965 and
complete acceptance of another person as he				its education encourages
or she is, much like the
				intellectual, social, physical, creative and
love of a parent for a child.Abraham Maslow,				moral development,
another founder of humanistic psychology,
proposed				preparing students for academic excellence,
				and responsible, caring
that people have a hierarchy of needs. The
highest of these being				lives. A child attending these schools will
				be exposed to methods of
self-actualization.Although we are not fully
aware of these needs, they are rather like				teaching, which promote the development of
				the whole child,
mental vitamins and if we are denied them,
we can never be fully				facilitating the growth of the inner
				discipline and cultivating the
mentally healthy. He observed that if we are
lacking in any of these				child's own natural joy in learning.
				Montessori takes advantage of
needs, then difficult behavior is often the
result. If the needs are				each child's unique sensitivities and offers
				exercises in language
met, then mentally healthy behavior is the
outcome. A child learns,				development, sensorimotor development,
				reading, mathematics, physical
according to Maslow because he or she is
inwardly driven and gains				and natural sciences, geography and cultural
				studies, music, art,
reward from a sense of achievement that
learning something difficult				drama and body movements. These are all
				activities used in practical
provides. He also said that learning is not
an end in itself but the				life. The materials and activities are
				designed to help the child to
means to progress towards the height of
self-development, which he				progress at their own rate. Young children
				do not have to join in on
terms 'self actualization'. After the basic
needs of physical survival				group activities if they do not wish, as
				they have a right to keep
and safety, Maslow places the needs of
belonging and love. The next				working at their own exercises. They may
				also observe instead of
highest group of needs is covered by the
term 'esteem', and at the				joining in if they wish but must not
				interfere or become disruptive.
top of the hierarchy is the need for
self-actualization (man's desire				They are not forced to share with another
				child if they wish to work
for self-fulfillment).Beginning at an early
age, children evaluate themselves and their				by themselves. As mentioned earlier, many of
own				the ideas of Maria

actions. They learn that what they do is				Montessori have been adapted and are used in
sometimes good and sometimes				'mainstream' schools but

bad. They develop a self-concept, an image				not without their problems. Children are
of what they really are, and an ideal self,				still compelled to attend and
an image
				there are still rules to abide by. There is
of what they would like to be.				little choice in the

The primary focus of humanistic education is				curriculum content, and the sharing of
placed on the development				teacher's time and resources

of the whole child placing a major emphasis				with other students' could cause problems
on the regulatory and the				for children with differingabilities and
				experience. Also pupils have to put up with
affective/emotional system. Huitt described				an
this in his systems
				instructional tempo that is often either too
model of human behavior.Humanism				fast or too slow.Humanistic learning styles
concentrates upon the development of the				are all based on intrinsic learning
child's
				principles. Intrinsic learning is learning
self-concept. It is important for a child to				that fructifies in
feel good about itself,
				self-actualization or growing to full
and this involves them understanding their				humanness.
own strengths and
				Intrinsic learning is learning to be a
weaknesses and having a belief in their				person. In opposition, must of
ability to improve. The
				classroom teaching is of the extrinsic
humanistic approach states that education is				variety. Pleasing the teacher
about creating a need
				or aiming for certain grades. Once rewards
within the child and instilling				terminate then learning
self-motivation.Because a child's behavior is
continuously being evaluated by parents				ceases. In intrinsic learning, learning
				continues despite the presence
and others, sometimes positively and
sometimes negatively, he soon				or absence of external rewards because
				growth towards psychological
learns to distinguish between those thoughts
and actions that are				health and the satisfaction gained from self
				actualization is an
considered good and those that are not. The
poor experiences become				intrinsic reward.In concluding, I can only
				say that the purpose of humanistic education
excluded from the self-concept, even though
they may be quite valid or				is to provide a foundation for personal
				growth and development so that
natural and the good ones remain.Obviously
there must be certain restrictions on				learning will continue throughout life in a
behavior and Rogers				self directed mannerI have discussed the
				theoretical approach of humanism and have
suggests that the best approach is for the
parents to recognize				evaluated its principles, assumptions and
				methods used for teaching
children's feelings as valid, while
explaining any reasons for				child learners. I have brought in the
				contributions of two individual
restraint.
				theorists, Maslow and Rogers and have
With children, a high priority is placed on				discussed their work.Rogers developed client
the development of their				centered therapy putting the client and

personal growth and a sense of respect for				facilitator on a more equal footing and
oneself and other. They				Maslow developed a hierarchy

need to be are taught to recognize their				of needs giving us ideas about personal
responsibility to the				growth.Humanism for the individual means that
				we must accept responsibility
community. A child's growth in these areas
prepares them for continued				for our own lives and that we should enjoy
				life to the full in ways
success in future academic, personal and
social situations.Humanistic schools believe				that respect the well being of
that emotional factors, personal growth and				others.Humanistic psychology has given us a
				new, global model of human
development are of the highest values. They
argue that these are				behavior that is refreshingly different from
				the dominant
ignored in a society, which is unduly
materialistic, objective and				deterministic approaches of behaviorism and
				psychoanalysis.We can see the self-initiated
mechanistic. Humanistic psychologists				learning is the most lasting and
believe that society, schools
				pervasive. We can also see that significant
and colleges exist to meet the needs of the				learning takes place when
individual learner and not
				the subject matter is relevant to the
the other way around. They believe that				personal interests of the
learners should be allowed to
				student.Humanistic techniques have wide
pursue their own interests and talents in				applications after schooling and a
order to develop themselves
				good, solid foundation in an educational
as fully as possible intheir own unique				setting will provide a basis
direction. Rogers said that 'no-one should
ever try				for the future when in the workplace,
				personal relationships and in
to learn something for which he sees no
relevance' and that learning				further education. Humanism has helped us to
				a better understanding of
should be its own reward. The main
principles				such diverse things as how people experience
				joy or facedeath, and with children, has
suggested by humanistic psychologists have				developed self confident, focused and
been highly influential,
				independent learners who continue to learn
especially in adult education and training.				in a self directed manner,

A humanistic teacher aims for good things				following their own intrinsic interests
and the approaches are				growing to their full

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humanistic view towards education. Some of

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Humanistic Psychology Study